Radiocarbon Dating in Archeology

The scientific discipline of archeology has undeniably enriched mankind’s history and has helped to slake the quest to understand our past civilizations in a better manner. Understanding the age and period of being of the excavated dodos and other organic objects will assist the archeologist to unravel human history and development in a scrupulous mode ( Taylor 24 ) . Archeologists utilize one of the radical methods called the wireless C dating to find the approximative age of the organic stuffs including works and animate being parts up to 50000 old ages ( Long ) . Radiocarbon dating technique is chiefly based on the radioactive decay of Carbon-14 isotope. Developed by a squad of research workers under the leading of Dr. Willard Libby, this technique had revolutionized the manner the archeological promotions are made in larning about the past civilisation and civilizations, alterations occurred in the Earth and in its clime. Radiocarbon dating enable archeologists to supply cogent evidence of genuineness to the excavated artifacts’ period of use and therefore by join forcesing with the attempts with historiographers and anthropologists, the unwritten history can be exactly explained. Significance Desmond Clark ( 1979 ) sentiments that if wireless C dating technique were non discovered,â€Å" we would still be fall throughing in a sea of imprecisenesss sometime bred of divine guessing but more frequently of inventive guess †( Clark, 1979:7 ) . Harmonizing to Higham ( 1999 ) C14 method can be described as ‘the wireless C revolution’ which has significantly impacted our understanding about development and besides cultural outgrowth of human species. Taylor ( 1987 ) suggests C-14 technique as one of the most important finds of 20thcentury that touches the kingdom of many subjects including archeology. Prior to the development of carbon 14 dating it was hard to find the age of the artefacts unless it was accompanied with some chronologically specific things like a coin. Otherwise archeologists had to fall back T to the method of comparative dating where by comparing with stratigraphically close objects [ objects which are buried at the same deepness will be abo ut of the same epoch. ] clue sing the clip period and historical manners were assumed or instead guesstimated. But the coming of carbon-14 dating tools has opened up the new range of absolute dating where scientists could foretell the age of excavated artefacts and objects with great preciseness up to 50,000 old ages old. For illustration, if a tree was found to be used in an excavated piece of architecture, by finding the age of the tree or the period when the tree was cut down for building, the epoch to which the excavated architecture precisely belongs can be estimated ( Michels, J W ) . The Method of Carbon-14 Technique Archeologists rely on the assorted radiometric dating techniques- based on the radioactive belongingss of unstable chemical atoms to find the age of the stuffs. Research workers from the field of Physicss have discovered that radioactive molecules are unstable and they undergo decay to achieve a stable construction at a particular rate which is straight determined by the atomic figure and mass of the decaying atom ( Polach, H.A and. Currie, L.A ) . Based on this invariable of the radioisotope of C, 14-C or C -14 the age of the organic stuff is assessed. In the biosphere carbon-14 is created by the hit of a neutron, exited by the cosmic beam collides with a N atom. The isotope of C therefore produced is radioactive and it will undergo decay at a changeless rate ( Berger and H.E Suess ) . The C isotope is besides absorbed during photosynthesis by workss and ranges animal organic structure when they consume works parts. It besides reaches the beings through respiration along with normal carbon-12. It is assumed that in a life object carbon-14 which undergoes decay is replaced at a steady rate. The C dating technique takes the premise that all l ifes have reasonably same per centum of 14C isotope in their organic structure and besides that the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon -14 nowadays in the biosphere and inside the life workss and animate beings remain changeless. After the decease of the being the C consumption is stopped. Then the sum of carbon-12 in the organic structure will non cut down but the sum of carbon-14 undergoes decrease due its radiation. Carbon-14 isotope will undergo decay at an exponential rate to organize the stable nitrogen-14.Thus by comparing the comparative measure of C -12 and C -14 in an organic affair excavated scientists can foretell the age of the object ( R.E Taylor and M.J Aitken ) . The undermentioned equation is used to find the carbon-14 decay. Where N is the current sum, N_o is the original sum, lambda is the proportionality invariable for the growing rate ( which is negative for decay ) , and T is the sum of clip that has passed. Figure: 1 Carbon -14 lifecycle. Beginning: ( Brain, 2014 ) The half life of carbon-14 is 5730 old ages. This implies that it takes 5730 old ages for half of the 14C atoms in the organic affair to acquire decayed. When an being is dead the consumption of the carbon-14 Michigans and in a 5730 twelvemonth clip period, half of the sum of carbon-14 nowadays in the organic affair would hold undergone beta decay to organize stable Nitrogen-14. The combustion of a little piece of the excavated organic affair and mensurating the negatrons emitted during the procedure by the disintegrating carbon-14 by radiation counters enable to quantify the sum of C -14 nowadays in the stuff. This information will assist the scientists to relationship of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 atom and can be used to foretell the age of the artefact straight. Restrictions This method assumes that the ratio of C-14 to C-12 in the ambiance and in the life being will be a changeless. But surveies have showed a little fluctuation in this ratio over the millenary and hence there is a possibility and attendant disagreement in computation excessively ( Currie ) . Another restriction is the trouble in gauging the age of things which are older than 50000 old ages as the sum of C-14 in such samples become perfectly undetectable due to finish decay. Decision Despite all the restrictions radio C dating will stay as a important tool for archeologist around the Earth to compare and understand the development of human civilization and civilisation. Promotions in this field like gas pedal techniques of carbon-14 dating ( C. Tuniz, J.R Bird, D.Fink, and G.F Herzog 60 ) conducted with the aid of mass spectrometer have increased the scope of the technique up to 100000 old ages ( Nave ) . Therefore doubtless radiocarbon dating remains one of the important tools for the archeologist to explicate the development and cultural outgrowth in a more accurate mode. Plants cited Brain, Marshall. â€Å" How Carbon-14 Dating Works. † 03 October 2000. HowStuffWorks.com. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //science.howstuffworks.com/carbon-14.htm & A ; gt ; 18 March 2009. Berger and H.E Suess ( eds. ) . University of California Press, Los Angeles.. 1979: Pp. 7-31. Print Clark, J.D. Radiocarbon Dating and African Prehistory. In,Radiocarbon Dating. Proceedingsof the Ninth International Conference, Los Angeles and La Jolla, 1976. Currie, LLoyd A. â€Å" The Remarkable Metrological History Of Radiocarbon Dating [ II ] . † Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 109.2 ( 2004 ) : 185-217 Higham, Thomas. â€Å" The Method. † 1999. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.c14dating.com/int.html.04 Nov 2014. Long, Kelly. â€Å" Why Is Radiocarbon Dating Important to Archaeology. † California State Parks. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parks.ca.gov/ ? page_id=24000 & A ; gt ; 1 March 2009. Michels, J W. Dating methods in archeology. Seminar Press, 1973. Nave, R. â€Å" Accelerator techniques for C dating. † & amp ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //hyperphysics.phyas tr. gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/cardat.html & A ; gt ; 15 April 2009. Polach, H.A and. Currie, L.A. Exploratory analysis of the international carbon 14 cross- standardization informations: consensus values and interlaboratory mistake. Preliminary note.Radiocarbon,. 1980: -35-933.Print. Taylor, R.E. 1987. Radiocarbon Dating. An archeological position. Academic Press, Orlando, USA. Taylor R.E and M.J Aitken. ( explosive detection systems ) 1997.Chronometric dating in Archaeology. Progresss inArchaeological and Museum Science, volume 2.Oxford University, England Tuniz, J.R Bird, D.Fink, and G.F Herzog..Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Ultrasensitiveanalysis for planetary scientific discipline.CRC Press. 1998. .

Examples Of Nonverbal Communication Essay

There are several types of nonverbal communication that may be evaluated on the basis of certain examples, that will help you understand the nuances of this complicated form of communication. Facial Expressions When reading facial expressions, some of these examples may help: While maintaining eye contact is a sign of confidence and positivity, avoiding eye contact is one of the most clear negative nonverbal communication examples. This implies that the person may be lying, or fears confrontation. The smile is another give-away when it comes to facial expressions. While a soft smile is a soft expression that is encouraging, a rigid smile or a smirk may be a sign of contempt. Raised eyebrows are not only a sign of surprise, they can also suggest mockery or sarcasm. It may be a natural physical trait of some people, and they may do it without realizing. However, it is important to know the kind of effect it is having on others. Frowning is another facial expression that we tend to assume when under stress. This gives out the message that we are unapproachable and cold. Posture and other Movements Postures are included in nonverbal communication and may be explained with a few of these examples: Standing erect shows confidence, but if you are slouching it is a sign of low self-esteem and a stance that you have given up. Keeping shoulders rigid again give a sign that you may be unapproachable, and may affect the kind of people you attract towards you. Constant fiddling with everything in sight is a sign of anxiety, frustration, boredom and lack of interest. Standing with your hands crossed behind you, combined with your facial expressions may be a clear sign of anger or frustration that you are trying to hold back. Gestures Gestures animate the conversations we have with others. We point, we wave and use all sorts of body language gestures while we are talking. For instance, you may constantly be rubbing your neck, or your the back of your ear. This is a sign of discomfort and lack of confidence. If you are angry, you may be clenching your fists to control your anger, or in preparation for a physical  attack! Rubbing hands together indicates excitement and indicates readiness to engage in an activity. Shrugging may show a lack of interest. Touch Even touch plays an important role in nonverbal communication. For instance: When your boss is praising you, and pats you on the back, it is a sign of genuine liking for you and your work. A firm handshake is the sign of confidence. We all know the reassuring effect of a warm bear hug. Someone who holds your arms while talking is either trying to make a statement, or to portray that he/she is in control. Space We all have a physical space around us. Sometimes we find people invading that personal space. It may be to portray any of the following: Intimacy Affection Dominance Aggression

Reading response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Reading response - Assignment Example However, due to the cultural difference the plan of making the daughter a Shirley Temple seems to be failing. The mother is also focused on making the daughter do different tests every night. The tests are seemingly unrelated since they are from different magazines and the continued daughter’s failures to get the correct answers brings great disappointment to both of them. These failures can be attributed to cultural differences that cause different likes. However, after a rebellion from the daughter who wants to do music, the mother allows her and hires a piano teacher. Nonetheless, the performance is still relatively poor prompting the girl to stop attending the piano classes. The daughter is in between two string cultures and due to the cultural conflict does not seem to fit perfectly at one place. Although unaware, efforts to fit in the two cultures are the main reason for her continued failures in the different activities. Maggie is portrayed as humble and innocent girl with great enthusiasm for her heritage and tradition. Unlike Dee, Maggie is shy and has seemingly no courage to face difficult life situations thereby provoking sympathy. Conversely, Dee is seemingly absorbed in a different culture and has always had great interest in reading and achieving a different lifestyle. Although she is not very bright, she struggles and brings forth great effort. This is a show of determination just as she was determined to court Jimmy T by reading to him although he took off to marry a â€Å"cheap city girl†. Additionally, Dee is bold and has great courage to face any situation even the seemingly difficult ones. However, Dee seems to know little about her heritage as compared to Maggie. In fact, the seemingly few cultural things she knows and likes are wrongly placed. For example, she wants the butter churn curved by her uncle only for decoration purposes rather than

Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Outsourcing - Essay Example From raw materials to semi-finished components, from consulting to detail engineering and from direct sales to distributor/retailer networks – there have been avenues for outsourcing as a part of strategic management of operations. The new twist to this has been the phenomenal growth of outsourcing from overseas resources as opposed to the conventional local outsourcing, resulting in significant job losses at home and the public outcry. Business surpluses or profits seek avenues of investment with high returns. Multinational firms in the developed nations with high surpluses and operating in saturated markets look to developing and underdeveloped nations with high populations for investments. The latter countries, on the other hand have the problem of high unemployment or surplus labor and low wage structure. These factors result in overseas investments, actively supported by the globalization process. In the process, the benefit of low cost production not just for the overseas market but for the home market itself Loss of jobs for locals is a sensitive issue for politicians and the public spirited. President Obama’s famous statement, ‘Say no to Bangalore and yes to Buffalo’ reflects the chasm between political and business compulsions. Multinationals like Nokia, IBM, Microsoft, Wal-Mart, General Motors and Levy have set up production facilities overseas with local employees while even in the US thousands of jobs in the technology industry are contracted to foreign workers (CNN.com; Rai, New York Times Feb.22, 2004; Case study, Rugman & Collinson, 2009, pp.30 ). The debate surrounding the ‘sweatshops’ of Asian countries with both the supporters and opponents holding out valid arguments, is another angle to the phenomenon of outsourcing. In the ultimate analysis, outsourcing has to be viewed as a trade off between high-cost local manufacture vs. low-priced but standard quality foreign-made products vs. job losses at home vs. expanding demand

Discuss the different eras of resistance kinship relationships to Essay

Discuss the different eras of resistance kinship relationships to Aboriginal people - Essay Example Aboriginals are more found in Australia, India, Africa etc. they are different in the patterns of dressing, adoring, intake of food and medicinal practices. They have been different in various eras like primitive society, agricultural society, industrial society and post modern society. Kinship is the main objective of the sociologists since it is the basic factor in the organization of the society. They focus on the history of kinship irrespective of nation, state and geographical area. â€Å"Kinship systems establish relationships between individuals and groups on the model of biological relationships between parents and children, between siblings, and between marital partners.† (Kinship: a dictionary of sociology, 1998). But some theorists are on the view that the relationship between wife and husband through which they are related by marriage do not include in the category of kinship. They tell that this relationship is called as affinal relationship. But some other theorists say that the biological relationship is not necessary to determine kinship because some children have social father who takes the responsibility of them and therefore kinship must be established on account of social fathers. When we think about kinship the entire influential factors must be considered like the way of relationship, cultural and political background, economic status etc. There are two theories which emerged in the second half of the twentieth century and they are alliance theory and descent theory. Descent theory stresses that the role of kinship system is to understand political entities of the lineage group in the history. When descent theory gives more importance on the descent and succession, alliance theory emphasizes on the marriage. â€Å"Ernest L Schusky has given the following types of kinship.† (Joshi 1999, p.109). First type of kinship is consanguineal kinship which means the relation by blood like parent child

Bispecific antibodies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Bispecific antibodies - Research Paper Example In recent years, antibody therapy has become a new treatment modality for tumor patients, although the majority of responses are only partial and not long lasting. Based on evidence that effecter- cell-mediated mechanisms significantly contribute to antibody efficacy in vivo, several approaches are currently perused to improve the interaction between Fc receptor-expressing effecter cells and tumor target antigens. With this purpose the invention of monoclonal antibodies in vivo started. In the initial phase the results were not satisfactory and these antibodies in trial in vivo showed a only 20% clearance of the tumor cells but after letting it go through different formatting processes it went up to achieving 80% clearance. Bispecific antibodies have got 2 hinging sites which are specific for getting attached to immune recruiting cells and also to target antigens which are mostly transformed cells. "Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) can, by virtue of combining two binding specificities, i mprove the selectivity and efficacy of antibody-based treatment of human disease. Recent studies underline the importance of both the 'anti-trigger' and 'anti-target' modalities of BsAb for therapeutic efficacy". (Spriel, A.B., Ojik, H.H.V, & Winkel, J.G.J. 2000). There has always been an issue of side effects when it comes to cancer therapy and a lot of patients would not even go for therapies due the bad side effects. In the past few decades things have started improving an the standard mode of ontological therapies which were chemotherapy and radiation it is now switching more towards treatment of cancer with more of antibiotic and immunoglobulin. This has brought a lot of hope for future success in getting a strong hold of cancer with fewer emergences of side effects. Bispecific antibodies do not occur in nature and they need to be synthesized in vivo, through either recombinant DNA, or cell fusion technique. "Bispecific antibodies have been manufactured by fusing the DNA encodi ng a single chain antibody (ScFv) after the C terminus (CH3-ScFv) or after the hinge (Hinge-ScFv) with an antibody of a different specificity. The fusion protein is expressed by gene transfection in the context of a murine variable region. Transfectomas secrete a homogeneous population of the recombinant antibody with two different specificities, one at the N terminus (anti-dextran) and one at the C terminus (anti-dansyl). The CH3-ScFv antibody, which maintains the constant region of human lgG3, has some of the associated effectors functions such as long half-life and Fc receptor binding. The Hinge-ScFv antibody which lacks the CH2 and CH3 domains has no known effectors functions". (Coloma, M.J. &'Morrison, S.L. 1997). Production of Bispecific antibodies has been a challenging task but has still been encouraged because of the advantages it has towards treating cancer with less side effects. There are still some disadvantaged of cost and failure rate, and future challenges and tasks are also to be taken in consideration. We will have an overview of the rational of producing Bispecific antibo

Harassment in workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harassment in workplace - Essay Example Harassment cases may occur both on and off the job. They can occur at the working desk as well as in a corporate function. The law also states that one have the right to work in the hostile work environment that is not poisoned by harassment. Definitions categorize harassment in many types and law covers most of them but organizations should clearly define the nature of harassment while formulating policies at workplace. Harassment is conscious, offensive, verbal or non- verbal abusive behavior or act that aims to harm individual. One has to raise voice against harassment as it is misapply of power and control, it may be hiding of deficiencies like lack of management, or people skill or it may be lack of leadership quality. Harassers tend o project their deficiencies onto other making them feel upset, threatened and embarrassed or interferes with an individual’s ability to do his or her job. Workplace harassment cannot only cause serious damage to the performance of the victim at work but may also result in accumulation of work related stress in personal life as well. Organizations are pursuing different programs to teach employees at all levels and especially executives regarding the behavior; they need to exhibit while dealing with each other (Ellis-Christensen, 2009). Strategies for preventing, identifying and reporting on sexual harassment will surely help in declining work place harassment and it will encourage employees to stand against any harassment without any hesitation and undue influence. Legal cases have shown that discrimination at work place is also included in harassment. Nowadays, every organization develops its own code of ethical conducts that is desirable from the employees and elements of harassment are comprehensively covered into it. Each employee not only agrees to abide by these rules and regulations but also submit a signed consent form that holds legal values in case of a violation. However, apart from framing a

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized Research Paper

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized physician order entry - Research Paper Example The research problem in this study was on how medication errors can be reduced plus the impact of the CPOE (Computerized Physician Order Entry). The Institute of Medicine had filed an earlier report showing that nearly 7000 patients every year die due to medication errors. In minimizing medication errors and time wasted by nurses in the course of administering medications. The CPOE system became introduced with the sole purpose of reducing the time taken by nurses in ordering and administering medications. According to the observation Keohane and colleagues did on nurses activities, they found out that nurses spent 26.9 percent of their time in medication related activities compared to other work. Hence, the introduction of the CPOE system ought to have eased the nurses’ workflow plus to minimize medication errors. In the study conducted by Dana et al. (2011), the author agrees to the fact that their exists advantages and disadvantages of the CPOE system on the nurses after it s introduction to help reduce the nurses work flow . The literature review in Dana et al. research is quite relevant and directly related to the problem being researched (2011). In this research, the author uses recent literature reviews to get hold of the reader’s attention concerning problems nurses faced before the introduction of CPOE system. An excellent example includes Keohane and colleague studies on the amount of time nurses spent in a variety of their activities. Another example includes a research conducted by Elganzouri et al. confirming that nurses spent a lot of time in issues dealing with medications. In the two literature review, the author would like the reader to be aware of the problems that faced the nursing team before the introduction of the CPOE system, which were spending more time on medication processes plus higher rates of medication errors. The author in the literature review critically compared and appraised key studies in a good way. Research questions in this research could have been what are the impacts of CPOE system on the nurses’ workflow? What are the disadvantages of using Computerized Physician Order Entry system to the nurses? The author’s hypotheses this case is justifiable after realizing that the introduction of CPOE systems in hospitals led to minimal interaction between nurses and physicians. In terms of the literature review, the hypotheses were not related since the literature review entirely talked of the problems nurses experience before CPOE system the introduction while the theoretical rationale speaks of the impact the system had on the nurses. The researcher offers in his justification statement that so far the CPOE system would reduce the time spent by the nurses in medication processes as evidenced by a study conducted by Bate and colleagues. By the use of DeLeon and McLean model, the research was meant to find the impact of CPOE system. The author’s hypotheses were directional since they predicted the impact of CPOE system on the nurses to be either negative or positive (Dana et al., 2011). The variable of interest from the research question will be the impact of CPOE system on the workflow of the nurses (Dana et al., 2011). In accordance to the Delone and McLean IS Success model framework, dependent variables of any information system are defined as its success. It goes further to define success as a combination of variables and include systems quality, information quality, use, individual impact, user satisfaction and organizational impact. From the author, these 6 variables are less dependent o n each other than interrelated. From the research, conducted by the author, the variable being investigated is well defined. The study is predictive in nature and tries to evaluate the impact of the system on the nurses and organization in general. From his research finding, the dependent variables are organizational quality and individual quality. The independent

NO TOPIC Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

NO TOPIC - Assignment Example This is evident in the fact that a panel of judges is carefully selected to question the inventors at all possible angles concerning their ideas and what good they would be to the customers. The invention of these employees is related to sales and marketing in the sense that the employees are required to have a ready targeted market in mind even during the conception of the idea itself. They are clearly asked what market their focus is centered on. This key principle of innovation calls for originality. In order for the company to take up the idea and actually invest in it they need to know if it is original or merely an improvisation of someone else’s brainchild. The judges clearly ask the employees if they are indeed mining an opportunity not currently used in the industry. Another key factor about innovation is details. Each product, in order to sell, must have well-defined details about what the clients are actually purchasing and what they will use it for as well as the how. This is evident in the article as noted from the judges’

Realistic Fiction Genre Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Realistic Fiction Genre Study - Essay Example Realistic Fictions are stories that children of all ages will enjoy, since they help such children to understand the human relationships, thus preparing them for a life in the future, since they will have already understood the human problems (O'Connor, 2010). This makes them understand themselves better, as well as understanding the human potential in them. Through reading Realistic Fiction stories, children are presented with a mirror to see the world, allowing them to understand the complexities that exist in our world, while also preparing them psychologically for things to come. The essence of reading Realistic Fiction stories is not only to help children see the world in a clear view and prepare them for the future, but also to present an opportunity for such children to choose what they would want to be, based on the characters presented by the stories (Galda, Cullinan & Sipe, 2009). While the children are reading these stories, they engage directly with their favorite charact ers, closely observing how they dealt with the real world hardships and struggles. This shapes the children’s personality and attitudes towards life, since children can see themselves doing the same things. Therefore, Realistic Fiction Genre helps children to understand different people, places and cultures, giving them an opportunity to understand the world beyond what they see every day, while helping children to discover what they want to become in future. While selecting the books for my genre study, I embarked on defining the criteria to be used to come up with books that truly fit in the Realistic Fiction Genre. The criteria was assessing the books on the basis of evaluating whether they present every day realities that are essential in helping children understand the world. Additionally, the books were selected based on their ability to present characters that are realistic and credible, presenting opportunities that enlarge the readers thinking perspective, and presen ting topics and discussions that seems real and consequently believable. Through selecting books that qualify such criteria, the aims of Realistic Fiction Genre are satisfied, making the books appropriate and meaningful for reading by children. The first book I selected was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Twain, Mark. This novel is about a mischievous and very adventurous boy called Tom Sawyer, who was living along the Mississippi River, in the St. Petersburg, Missouri (Twain, 1990). Tom is an ill-behaved boy, who engages in fights at school, consequently dirtying his clothes and arriving home a total mess. As a punishment for his misbehavior, he is required to whitewash a fence, which he is apparently not willing to do. Therefore, he applies his cunningness to trick his friend into doing it, with a promise of granting him some treasure in form of tickets to a Bible memorizing contest, where one would end up with a Bible as a prize. Despite being cunning and lazy, Tom is also immora l and dishonest. He happens to fall in love with a new girl who had recently arrived in town, Becky Thatcher, and asks her to kiss him, as a sign of engagement. Becky reluctantly agrees to kiss him, only to realize the dishonesty of Tom later on, when she discovers that she had been previously engaged to a different girl, Amy. Consequently, he is rejected by Becky and reverts to his mischievous life, this time in the company of Huckleberry, who was a son of a famous town drunkard. In their adventure to a grave to try out some cure, they witnessed a

Donald Patriquin Essay Example for Free

Donald Patriquin Essay Donald Patriquin was born on October 21, 1938, in Sherbrooke, Quebec. His love for music became particularly evident when he started to compose songs at the age of eleven. Although his passion for music never waned, he took a detour when he finished a biology course at Bishop’s University in 1959. In 1964, he earned his Bachelor’s Degree in Music at McGill University but completed his Master’s Degree in Music Composition in University of Toronto. He also earned his Associate in Music Degree from McGill University and received a Royal Canadian College of Organists diploma in organ performance. His student years at McGill University were under the tutelage of Istvan Anhalt, a naturalized Canadian who traces his grassroots to Budapest. Anhalt was a survivor of World War II and migrated to Canada in 1949 where he became popular for his contributions to music. Patriquin looked up to Anhalt as can be proven by an article he wrote in commemoration of McGills 150th anniversary. He describes his professor as someone who â€Å"managed to instill a love for that purest of all music – folk melody – without having to introduce it† to him directly. He believes that it was the professor who helped him learn life-long skills as his approach to the study of composition was through intricate analysis of the works of masters coupled with a lot of listening and creative assignments. He remembers a Monday when he had to submit a composition to Anhalt but knew it was a bad one because he could not seem to summon enough ingenuity when he worked so hard on it throughout the weekend. He tried playing it on the piano but opened up to Anhalt regarding his frustration because his composition still sounded very horrible despite his efforts. Anhalt confirmed that the composition was terrible and told him, â€Å"But now you know vat you don’t vant to write! † Patriquin realized that Anhalt was right. There is nothing wrong with giving up on a creative lead that one saw has great potential but could not seem to develop well. A quick break and starting all over again can usually produce better results. This lesson of learning to move on from a failure, according to Patriquin, was the best thing he ever learned from Anhalt. His Masters Degree in Music Composition at the University of Toronto was under the tutelage of John Weinzwig. The professor was a Polish immigrant who learned how to play the mandolin at age 14. Weinzwig and his brother usually rendered songs to the public for pocket money but at the age of 19, he decided he really wanted to become a composer. He is also an alumnus of the University of Toronto and is the first to explore the serial technique using a 12-tone row for Canadian music. This tenacity to create new concepts in music is probably one of the greatest lessons that Patriquin absorbed because he is not afraid to initiate developments in the music industry. He became a professor in McGill University for thirty years. He taught theory, musicianship and arranging to students and ensembles. Working within an academic institution gave him the opportunity to use its extensive library and research about folk music. Although one could not find any resource as to how he got side tracked to biology, there is a possibility that the chance to study science honed his skill in research and experimentation, which, he was able to apply to his music as he composed and arranged many songs during his stay in the university. Although no student is recorded to be as great as their teacher, Professor Patriquin, through his popularity, may have been able to give his students more exposure and chances to perform their own music in public. Mr. Patriquin is well known particularly for his choral and instrumental arrangements of folk music. His output includes many short and extended choral and instrumental works, liturgical settings, a piano concerto, works for voice and piano, music for theater and ballet, and mixed media. Patriquin’s works frequently make use of folk music elements and abstract noises recalling sounds of nature. Canadian traditional music is vast because of the richness of its European origin including British and French culture. Anglo-Canadian folksongs can be learned in Western Quebec and Southern Ontario. People in the northern part of Ontario, however, have more French influence in their history and have kept the folk music of France alive amongst them. Other places in Canada have kept other cultural songs of Scottish, Icelandic, Ukrainian, Polish and Hungarian origins. Patriquin loved to research for these traditional music, lullabies and stories and bring new life to them using folk music instruments. These two factors are the reasons why his music can truly be considered Canadian. One of the awards he received was first prize from the New York Melodious Accord Biennial Composition Search for New Choral Music. His entry, Antiphon and the Child of Mary, was based on a not so famous Newfoundland carol that he was able to dig into while continuing his interests in Canadian folk music. Patriquin likes making arrangements using Canadian folk instruments like the fiddle and harp. His â€Å"Hangman’s Reel,† is a ballet score commissioned by Les Grands Ballets Canadiens. The music shows Patriquin’s Quebec origins because of its use of the American and Irish fiddle. The score was originally written for famous Quebec fiddler, Jean Carignan, who is also known as a leader in Celtic traditional fiddle music. The most important pieces that he had created is his large-scale compositions such as the Earthpeace I and II ( recorded by The Gerald Danovitch Saxophone Quartet and pianists Luba and Ireneus Zuk), Celebration For The Planet Earth, and the Requiem at Sea have earned him a reputation as a composer whose music addresses many concerns. His music is available on CDs and sometimes radio; his choral music is published by A Tempo and Canadian International Music in Canada, and Earthsongs in the USA. His major choral works include Six Songs of Early Canada (still one of his more popular works), Songs of Innocence, A Child’s Carol, World Music Suite One, â€Å"Caribbean Mass† (based on the traditions and instruments of the Caribbean) and Canadian Mosaic (a suite of Canadian folk-based music reflecting the origins and variety of Canada’s immigrant populations). Other works for voice is Cycles, a setting for soprano, piano and clarinet of Frank Scott’s poetry dealing primarily with Canada’s Northern Shield, and Louisa’s Story. After all this contributions in music, Mr. Patriquin is now living in his native Eastern Townships of Quebec, where he is finding more time to perform, conduct, compose, produce and publish. Bibliography â€Å"ANNEX 1- DONALD PATRIQUIN. † Promomuse. 2000. Sunnymead. Viewed 7 Oct 2007, http://www. sunnymead. org/promomuse/annex. html. Donald Patriquin. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Jun 2007, 15:26 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Viewed 7 Oct 2007, http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Donald_ Patriquinoldid=137914857. Donald, Patriquin. â€Å"Bibliography. † Viewed 7 Oct 2007, http://www. donaldpatriquin. zzzcom/index. htm. â€Å"Education and Early Career. † The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2007. Viewed 16 November 2007, http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCEParams= U1SEC883941. Elliot, Robin and Gordon E. Smith. â€Å"Istvan Anhalt Pathways and Memory. † McGill-Queen’s University Press. 2007. Viewed 17 November 2007, http://mqup. mcgill. ca/book. php? bookid=757 â€Å"Folk Music, Franco Canadian. † The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2007. Viewed 16 November 2007, http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCEParams= A1ARTA0002879. Jean-Pascal Vachon, Evan Ware. Patriquin, Donald. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation, 2007. Viewed 7 Oct 2007, http://thecanadianencyclopedia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCEParams=U1ARTU0002737 Patriquin, Donald. â€Å"A Lesson for Life. † McGill University. 2007. Viewed 16 October 2007, http://www. alumni. mcgill. ca/? id=MjgxNA%3D%3D â€Å"Weinzweigs First Use of Serialism. † The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2007. Viewed 16 November 2007, http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCEParams =U1SEC883941.

Describe The Mandatory Rotation Of Audit Firm Accounting Essay

Describe The Mandatory Rotation Of Audit Firm Accounting Essay Introduction From the 2008 financial crisis, the weakness of audit system has exposed in several aspect. European Parliament and public consider that the auditors fail to play during the financial crisis. The European Commission said that the auditors only consider majority of banks had exposed a great quantity of loss from 2007 to 2009 in both on and off balance sheet in the financial crisis, however, it is a hard work for the public and stakeholders to know how the auditors to give the clean auditing reports to their principal. In addition, the European Commission takes into account preventing the concentration in the audit industry, which including restricting the choices and competition. Further, they also consider the independence of the audit firm and the reduction of the expectation gap. All things the European Commission do is to increase the quality of audit, so they think that the current auditing system should be reform. According to KPMG (2012), because of the failure of auditors in financial crisis, the lobby of small firms and the US has taken action on the independent issue. Meanwhile, in order to adapt to the environments, which contain changes to financial reporting and increasing the risk and going concern issue for the companies. The European Commission came up the proposals on 30th November 2011 to address the matters that appeal in the financial crisis and rebuild the confidence of the audit system. The proposals define the role of auditors and propose more restrict provisions for audit firms. It aim at strengthening the independence and professional skepticism of auditors, making the audit industry more diversification, enforcing the regulation, promote the cross-border stipulation of audit services and relieving the burden of the small and medium-size enterprise. To enhance the independence of audit firm and prevent the concentration of the audit industry is the main purpose of the propos als. The Elliott and Jacobson (1998) suggested that audit independence is an absence of interests that create an unacceptable risk of material bias with respect to the reliability of financial statements. The basic goal of audit is to assure the information which provide to shareholders are reliable. Further, as for audit independence, the direct role is to provide auditing serve and make the cost of capital market more efficiently. Consider about preventing the concentration, should make the audit industry more dynamic, such as decreasing the power of the Big Four audit firm (KPMG, Deloitte, Pricewaterhousecoopers and Ernst Young). In addition, the dynamic of audit market give the opportunities for small and medium-size enterprise to benefit from the internal market. In order to strengthen the independence of audit and make the audit market more dynamic, the European Commission brought up the proposals to perfect the audit system, the key elements of the proposals is mandatory rotation of audit firms, mandatory tendering, non-audit services, and European supervision of the audit sector, Enabling auditors to exercise their profession across Europe, Cutting red tape for smaller auditors. This essay is aim at discussing the issue of mandatory rotation of audit firm, one of the key elements to enhance the independence of audit industry. The essay will divided into three parts, firstly, it will describe the mandatory rotation of audit firms; secondly, it will analyses the argument for and against this issue; finally, it will come to a conclusion. Describe the mandatory rotation of audit firm In order to strengthen the auditor independence, the European Commission is considering introducing mandatory external rotation. In the previous years, only internal rotation is required, which means only auditors should be rotated, because they think that auditors may make less suggestions because the routine activities of audit. However, the internal rotation cannot enhance the independence of the auditors, because the audit firm and audited entity build up partnership, no matter which auditors engage in the audit procedure, they have closely relationship, the independence of auditors cannot be enhanced. Therefore, current environment has suggest that the internal rotation is not sufficient, the external rotation should be taken in account to achieve the independence of audit. The proposal required the audit firm should be rotated after at most six years (with some exception). In addition, it should be after at least four year before the same audit firm can be entrusted again by the client, this is stated as the cooling period. The cooling period ensure the mandatory rotation can be implemented effectively, because if there is not the cooling period, the client can entrust the same audit firm after a short time, so that the closely relationship cannot be avoidance. There is a exception that the period of rotation can be extend to nine years if joint audits are engaged. This means that if an audited entity entrust at least two audit firm, it can extent the period of rotation to nine years, because the joint audit can make each audit firm work harder to avoid another audit firm find out their failure, this can increase the quality of the audit, so called four-eye principle. Hence, the joint audit is encouraged. According to Bocconi, which do a survey of the effect of mandatory rotation in Italy. The investigate shows that 69 % of managers of listed companies approve of rotation. 14 % consider it negatively. The survey presents a positive result, because they consider that in previous years, auditors focus on routine activities rather than making improvement. The people including in the survey agree the mandatory rotation in Italy can strengthen the independence. Discussion of the mandatory rotation The argument for the mandatory rotation of audit firm Firstly, the mandatory rotation of audit firm can reduce the risk of familiarity threat. If there is not mandatory rotation, the audit firm may have closely relationship with the audited entity, which would lead to several problems. For instance, the proposal (2011) of the European commission suggests that the audit firm tend to know well about the management of the audited entity, so that they may think the audit work as a routine work, which just repeating the work annually, and they pay less attention to make an improvement and find out the mistake the audited entity made. In addition, the auditor may be less suspicious of the audited entity, instead, they may decrease the difficulties so as to maintain the good relationship with the partner. The long period of engagement will cause routine, which may affect the competence and the quality of audit, hence, the mandatory rotation is necessary for reducing the familiarity threat. Secondly, according to Hoyle (1978), short term engagement will encourage the auditors to do better. If the audit firm fails to make the improvement in their auditing period, however, the next audit firm detects the unreported information, the reputation of the previous audit firm may be affected, so that the auditor will minimize the errors for managing the reputation. Further, the mandatory rotation can avoid the mistake or unreported information continue, because the next audit firm will scrutinize the document provide by the former audit form. Also, the long term engagement of the same auditor may cause the auditor trust the previous auditing procedure, so the rotation can reduce the risk of the auditor regards the engagement as the repetition of the last years work. Therefore, the mandatory can improve the quality of audit. Thirdly, the rotation provide the small and medium-size entities good opportunity to enter the competition in the segment of market. Although, the Bocconi study (2002) showed that the mandatory rotation did not provide the small and medium-size entity opportunity to compete in the audit market, they cannot compete against the large audit firm for the public-interest entities. However, take the mandatory tendering into account, the situation can be changed, the rules allow the small and medium-size entity to bid in the tendering, so that the rotation and joint audit enlarge the choice of audit firm for the audited enterprise. Therefore, combined with the mandatory tendering, the mandatory rotation can encourage the competition of the audit firm and provide more opportunity for small and medium-size entity to enter the audit market. Last but not least, the rotation can reduce the risk of fraud, which the audited entity collude with the audit firm. If both of the audited entity and audit firm fraud the public, when rotation implement, the fraud will be exposed by the coming new audit firm. The scandal of Enron can give a good example of this, if the rotation enact, the deceptive accounting may be found early or the audit firm will not collude with Enron in order to prevent the impairment of the reputation. So the mandatory rotation can reduce the risk of fraud. The argument against the mandatory rotation of audit firm According to the Bocconi study (2002), the opinion the audit firms and managers argue is that the cost of auditing fees as well as man-hours will increase under the mandatory rotation. It takes time for the incoming audit firm to read the sufficient document to know the audited entitys business. If the incoming audit firm do not know the audited entity enough, the quality of audit will decrease. Further, because there are many kinds of industry, it is difficult to maintain the industry specialization and may cause lack of choice of audited entity. According to Chi et al. (2004), they do not agree the mandatory rotation, they hold the opinion that the rotation may have negative impact on the quality of audit. They show the explanation that in the last year of audit before the rotation, the auditors may abandon their independence because they do not need to worry about the loss of quasi rents for they will not be re-elected. These can lead to the decrease of the last periods auditing quality. Bigus and Zimmermann (2007) said that because of the rotation, the quasi rent had been decreased, which implies the rotation may not increase the independence of audit firm. Consequently, the mandatory rotation cannot increase the quality and independence of audit firm as expect. Conclusion When come up the new proposals, there will have different voice because of the different role they play. As for the rule of the mandatory rotation of audit firm, according to the European Commission, the Big Four hold the opposed attitude, they insist there is studies that have certify the mandatory rotation affect the quality of audit firm; the Mid Tier Firms and small and medium-size entities also do not stand by the rule, they consider the increase cost and harm to the quality of audit firm; the investors had divergent opinion; some of public authorities did not favor of the mandatory rotation, while others think the rule will be beneficial, one of the idea regards to the issue they came up it to allow the committee to decide whether the rotation of a firm should be needed. To sum up, the new rule of the mandatory rotation of audit firm may be beneficial, but only under certain situation. For example, the cost of fees and man-hours can be low to change audit firm; the negative impact of last period of audit before rotation can be avoid. So that, the proposal can be beneficial if more detail and rules can be add in to make the mandatory rotation more perfection.

Jurassic Park: An Analysis

Jurassic Park: An Analysis Jurassic Park has been nominated for the best motion picture arts and science. Jurassic Park is one of Spielbergs greatest movies which shows high quality pictures which no other movie of his has been thus greater than Jurassic Park. Jurassic Park is one of the movies that will be always remembered as one of the best movies that has been created superbly. Jurassic Park features almost all camera shots that are needed for creating a movie that can interest audience watching the movie. Camera angles like close up are used to bring audience closer to characters in the movie. Such as when the T-Rax face comes close to the boy and the girl which builds an intensive suspense to terrify audience but that terrifying moment is also filled with excitement. Also the camera movements added action which allows audience to move in different angles from left, right, back and front such as when the dinosaur chased Tim and Lex Murphy. The camera movements which are used to make the animated objects such as the movement of the trees and dinosaurs were done accurately which showed proper figures of the objects by using low angle shots which added disorientation making the scene inspired with fear which has never been seen on screen. Whereas Jurassic Park was done from a novel to a movie which made it difficult to fill in all scenes that may be interesting. But the movie illustrates much more than the novel even though it is to have some missed scenes. Sometimes people find it difficult to visualise what is happening in the novel and imagining the environment. The technology used in Jurassic Park has allowed audience to recognise the movie by using gadgets which moved the dinosaurs and introducing electronic devices to move all of the surroundings. Only Jurassic Park has succeeded in making animated object to look real and adding different movement which illustrates the objects movement. The movements of the destruction caused by the dinosaurs was done by machine which made Jurassic Park far by time because of the newly technology techniques. These use of technology shows that Jurassic Park equipment were well operated and generate before any other movies started introducing electronic gadgets to occupy the cars which no other movie has during the 1993. Camera angels werent just the only important essential tools of creating this incredible movie. By this, it means that lights used in Jurassic Park reflected the colour even in the dark light reflected the objects structure. The lights were also more advanced compared to any other movie at that time because the lights were able to show audience the full characteristics of the dinosaurs with its 3 dimensional making the dinosaurs look real. The advanced lights also enable audience to see the texture of the dinosaurs and whatever was dead was put to life by using lights which meant everything that people thought it was dead was real when light was shining at 3 dimensional areas. However, the story line captivates audience because of the script and also the rushing action thriller and makes audience still sit keeping them questioned of what may happen throughout the next scene. Story line is very easy to follow and isnt delayed to audience to get entertained because the way the movie is set starting from the beginning makes the whole movie withdraw their anticipation example you as a viewer acts along with the movie.Psycologically the movie keeps you also thinking and being part of the movie . This brings the point of special effects with the story line which is well assembled. Special effects of Jurassic Park are phenomenal because the movie itself has made the dinosaurs of Jurassic park look like future move like a modern movie because of the triumph and special effects artistry. The special effects and the animatronics, with some of Spielbergs best sequence of sustaining sheer terror played an important role in effecting all tools that were need to make this move successful. These special effects made it possible for the audience to experience things that they have never seen before with the sounds such as the glooming sound and sounds of explosions which sounded realistic. The make-up of footsteps of dinosaurs were made in a way that it can actually make audience think dinosaurs really existed in the 90s because of the real make of the footsteps structured. The costume used in Jurassic park movie was spot on with the theme of the movie. As such if a audient watched the movie he or she will know what it is about because of the costumes. The cast was well chosen but this credit has to be given to the directors with their unique idea of getting actors and actress to fit in specific characters like john the owner of Jurassic park and Ian Grant make audience interested on the way that the actors or actress act. The greatest thing that Jurassic Park has done to really prove that they deserve the nomination was to choose perfect characters which were able to express what is expected from them. The way that actors and actress express how they felt promoted them to touch audience mind and able to carry strong human story values which directors have led the actors to give other qualities more, such as sense of wonderment. To come into consideration symbolism played an important key factor to this movie Jurassic Park because without symbolism Jurassic park wouldnt of achieved the full scariness of the movie, it also would have been difficult to create suspense and thriller which they have made in by using the green screenplay but also the charisma of the screenwriters successively made the movie an outstanding impact especially the nature used to create realistic effects brought real motions that one may have a once life time watching the movie may say the dark really scared him or her when the dinosaur came to life in the movie. The soundtracks were really outstanding because the sound that you would have found during the 90s was not well supported but Jurassic park made sure that audience wouldnt only enjoy watching the movie but also listen to the soundtrack or music of the symbolism. Therefore, Jurassic park deserves the nomination because it is highly generated to bring the past and the future such as technology which was used and the animated dinosaurs and the cast to producers they produced a movie which can also make everyone relate take part in the movie and mostly showing people what they have never seen in a highly advanced technology. Word count 1976

The Clash of Civilizations Essay -- Analysis, Samuel P. Huntington

Ernest Hemingway stated that, â€Å"In modern war †¦ you will die like a dog for no good reason†! Even though that is true, experts have gone further by trying to find the â€Å"roots† and explain why conflicts emerge in the first place. Two experts, Samuel P. Huntington and John R. Bowen, present two different approaches towards the cause of conflicts in 21st century. Although there is a difference between their approaches, both of them share the common believe that a conflict may occur when one puts pressure on the other; but the reason why this pressure takes place, varies among the two theories. In his article, â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations†, Huntington points out that in the 21st century, conflicts will not occur based on ideology of a state or civilization, neither on economic power; but they will take place because the differences in cultural and religious identity between civilizations. As the first key point that lies under this theory, is the Western civilization approach towards the Eastern civilization. According to him, the Western Civilization promotes their â€Å"political and economic values, maintain their predominance and protect their interest† through economic and political pressure via Western Institution such as UN and IMF. This Western approach increases the cultural division between Western and Eastern civilization, but also within Western Civilization; between Western Christianity and Orthodox Christianity. This approach can be easily understandable if we take a look at the historical events where Western and Eastern civilization confron ted each other such as in the Gulf War and Bosnian war, where Western used their power to protect countries from a same culture, same civilization. This leads to a reaction from Eastern cou... ...up and swap a part of the region, thus creating Western vs. Eastern conflicts which apparently will lead to war between two complete different ideologies. To conclude, wars have been and will be part of our lives. In some regions, people yet have lack of knowledge, therefore tend to separate people based on language, culture, religion, region and historical background. Yet we didn’t manage to overpass these obstacles that we create towards the minorities, and live in the same land together. Although some countries try to get rid of those issues and live beyond ethnicity borders, there are countries that point the figure at you and remind you that you are â€Å"you†, and because you are who you are â€Å"We hate you†! When we overpass the hate, the ethnic borders, there won’t be any conflicts, wars and articles that are trying to find the way how the conflict occurred!

Sexual Selection and Sexual Conflict Essay -- Mating Biology

Charles Darwin characterized sexual selection as â€Å"variance in the number of mates†. The purpose of sexual selection is to perfect the secondary sexual characteristics, which are the morphological differences between the two sexes. On the other hand the primary sexual characteristics are the differences between the reproductive genital systems of the two sexes. Sexual selection instead of adapting the individual to the environment, like natural selection, it does enhance traits involved in mate acquisition. Sexual conflict, on the other hand, occurs when males and females have different reproductive interests and deriving from the urge of sexual reproduction. This is boosted by promiscuity when males and females have several partners. (www1, www2, www4) Futuyma (1998) defines sexual selection as â€Å"selection that arises from differences in the mating success (number of mates that bear offspring)†. Sexual struggle can be divided into two categories. The first category is the struggle between individuals of the same sex (generally males) in order to be victorious against their rival by killing it or make it retreat. In this category the females remain passive. The second category is the struggle between individuals of the same sex but this time this happens in order to attract individuals of the opposite sex. There are also some theories for the existence of sexually selected traits. There is the intrasexual selection, in which males compete aggressively with each other for access to the females. It includes weapons such as horns, antlers, tusks and spurs, which are examples of sexual dimorphism. Weapons are mainly male characteristics and some possible explanations for their existence are: protection against predators, used for co... ...he same sex as they compete for mates and also between the sexes as individuals choose their partners. Sexual conflict arises because strategies that maximize the fitness of one sex can reduce the fitness of the other. To sum up, sexual conflict can lead to sexually antagonistic co-evolution, in which one sex evolves a favorable trait, which is countered by a countering trait in the other sex. (www5, www6) Works Cited †¢ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~otto/PopGen500/Discussion3/Overheads.html http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/~barrylab/classes/animal_behavior/SELECT.HTM#anchor460576 : http://aarongoetz.netfirms.com/My%20Articles/SexualConflict-bookreview-atg.pdf†¢ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/21967.php http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003669.pub2/abstract †¢ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/npg.els.0001718/abstract

The Necklace :: Guy De Maupassant The Necklace Essays

The Necklace   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In any literay work, it is absolutely essential to have characters, whether major or minor. It is also necessary to develop these characters through out the story. Character development gives the reader insight to the more important meanings or lessons of the story. These lessons are usually brought out by the events that take place within the story. Looking at Guy De Maupassant's piece â€Å"The Necklace†, we see a very clear development of the main character Mathidle. In the story, we see a change in her attitude about life. This change come about when she has to learn one of life's little lessons the hard way. She and her husband are forced to live a life of hard work and struggle because of her own selfish desires. Mathilde changes from a woman who spends her time dreaming of all the riches and glory she doesn't have, to realizing that she over looked all the riches she did have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story opens with the description of how miserable Mathilde is. Maupassant describes her as â€Å"suffering constantly, feeling herself destined for all delicacies and luxeries.† (Pg 4) She sits dreaming of silent rooms nicely decorated and her own private room, scented with perfume to have intimate â€Å"tete- a-tetes† with her closest friends. Then she is awakened, only to realize that she is in her own grim apartment. In her eyes, she lives a tortured and unfair life. Mathidle has a husband named Losiel. He is much the opposite of his wife. He is completely content with his lifestyle. He seems to be a very passive person, who doesn't let status or riches effect him. Of course, if he had the chance to be rich he would, but he doesn't dwell on the fact that he is part of the middle class. He seems ot be a hard worker and does his best to provide for his wife. He demonstrates is simplicity the one night at dinner Losiel and Mathilde sit down to eat. Mathidle is dreaming of fancy four course meals, while he is ecstatic because they are eating boiled beef.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Losiel is aware that his wife has not yet adjusted to her status. One night, he had come home from work very excited. He had worked extra hard to get he and his wife invited to one of the biggest parties ever. Losiel thought this would be please his wife, when in fact it only made her upset. Here was Losiel trying to please his wife and she just started to cry. This just goes to show how ungreatful she really is.

Impact of a Data Classification Standard: User Domain

This Domain defines the users who have access to an organization’s information system. The user domain can be configured to internal use only and only the IT Department can grant access privilege for Remote Access Point. An Acceptable use policy (AUP) will be enforced in this domain to define what each user can and cannot do with any company data he or she has access to. Every user in the organization is responsible for the security of the environment. Workstation Domain In a workstation domain all users connect to the IT infrastructure.Richman Investments provide very secure access for the employee workstation with a username and password in order for the user to log into the machine. Security protocol requires the password to be change every 30 days. Regular updates and continuous antivirus protection are maintained on all company computers. In addition, no personal devices are allowed on the network. LAN Domain Local Area Network domains connect computers, printers, and ser vers to each other physically through a wire or wireless connection. This domain includes data closets, physical elements of the LAN, and logical elements designated by authorized personnel.It can access company-wide systems, application, and data from anywhere with the LAN. A LAN domain requires strong security and access controls, since the biggest threat to this domain is un-authorized access to anything on the network. To require strict security protocols we can disable all external access ports for the workstations. Doing this will prevent any user within the company from bringing an external jump drive, and connection it to the workstations. Also this will help us control company intellectual property, and prevent viruses on the LAN network.

Christian Dior Essay

The House of Dior – A fashion house that over six decades is still going strong. From a humble beginning to a power house of fashion, this house of fashion has begun a â€Å"New Look† for their market during the start if it’s business and beyond. With avant-garde designs, Christian Dior has changed women’s fashion in his era. Starting a fashion business is no mean feat. One may need all the preparation and planning in order to be successful and have your creations reach the market. The House of Christian Dior Christian Dior, a Frenchman, started his career in the 1930’s by selling his sketches to numerous prospective clients. Soon his market was in love with his sketches and designs and that deemed his creations as a â€Å"New Look†. With such creations, Christian Dior needed financial support that was when he got Marcel Boussac (a textile manufacture) to back him up to open his own house of fashion. Boussac was able to persuade Christian Dior to have him set up his place along a trendy Paris street, which Boussac was readily able to fund Christian Dior’s endeavours. With such financial support, Christian Dior began to produce creations that were considered avant-garde at that time and he was able to freely create and design whatever he had come up with without any financial difficulty (Bawa, 2002). Christian Dior knew what he wanted in life and that was to be a part of the arts. He loved to draw and sketch and to create masterpieces. This has made him successful; he knew what he wanted to do. For an aspiring entrepreneur, one must know that before they start their own clothing line or fashion business they need to know that this is what they really want to. If not, the outcome would be less successful or become a failure (Amed, 2007). Christian Dior had financial support that one can dream of. For an entrepreneur, they need to have financial stability, business partners, and the like to easily start their business. Without this, it would be a tough challenge to get by to launch a business or even try to start one. When it comes to materials, Christian Dior did not have any problems in having a short supply of that. He had his business partner to thank for and this gave him an advantage to turn his creations into reality (Charleston, 2004). One must take note that during his time it was during the Second World War that textiles were rationed. He took the initiative to have women, not only in Paris, but throughout the whole world to have them feel more feminine. He had that idea and turned it into a reality. Even if his designs and creations were well received by his peers and prospective clients, there were numerous detractors that openly disliked his attitude. They deemed Christian Dior as extravagant due to his designs using fabric up to eighty yards long. One must see that Christian Dior clearly didn’t have a market due to the hardships that the whole world was currently going through. What he did was he created one. It wasn’t merely being in the right time and at the right place, he saw the need that women wanted during his time, and he began to create the solution to that even at the cost of being deemed extravagant and being boycotted by powerful governments of state. Still he persevered and went on with his plan to change the world fashion market. With Christian Dior’s untimely death in 1957, the house of Dior was stopped suddenly in their tracks, but Dior did not leave his house open for attack, he had two competent men under him that can drive his fashion house beyond. Yves St. Lauren stepped in and headed the House of Dior into success with his designs. The house of Dior had numerous changes in the artistic development and currently has John Galiano. Starting a fashion business needs the entrepreneur to be at least five or ten steps ahead and having a fresh outlook and flow of ideas that they want to put into their market. They need to also know the latest trends and fads that the current market has in order to supply what the client wants. Not only having those ideas one must have a very good business plan in order to plan and execute strategies, decisions, and plans of actions when situations arises, especially those that are out of the box scenarios. The bottom line is that one must have passion for what they believe in. They need to believe in what they do is the right thing to do. Without these, starting up a business or even just planning for it would make all attempts useless and unfruitful. References: Amed, I. (2007). The Business of Fashion: Basics 1 – Setting up your own fashion business – what do I need to know first? Retrieved on March 9, 2008, from http://uberkid. typepad. com/fashionbusiness/2007/02/the_business_of_2. html Bawa, M. P. (2002). Christian Dior. History of Fashion. Retrieved on March 9, 2008, from http://www. historyofashion. com/historyofashion/dior. html Charleston, B. D. (2004). Based on original work by Harold Koda. â€Å"Christian Dior (1905 1957)†. In Timeline of Art History. Retrieved on March 9, 2008, from http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/dior/hd_dior. htm

Monopoly term paper Essay

Monopoly is a market structure containing a single firm that produces a unique good with no close substitutes. It controls supply of a good or service. It is where the entry of new producers is prevented or highly restricted. According to the Business Dictionary, monopolist firms keep the price high and restrict the output, and show little or no responsiveness to the needs of their customers. Most governments try to control monopolies by imposing price controls, taking over their ownership (nationalization), or breaking them up into two or more competing firms. Monopolies exist in varying degrees (degrees (due to copyrights, patents, access to materials, exclusive technologies, or unfair trade practices) almost no firm has a complete monopoly in the era of globalization. So we can see the problem of monopoly is that it can set a higher price than marginal cost. The fact that a monopoly does not face the discipline of competition means that the monopoly may operate inefficiently without being corrected by the marketplace. An example for monopoly might be Comcast. If Comcast were the only cable television provider in your area. If you want cable, you have no choice but to go to Comcast. And because of this, they can charge any price they want. Other local electric power company, campus bookstore or local telephone service might be local monopolies as well. George J. Stigler, director of the Center for the Study of The Economy and the state, professor of economics at the University of Chicago states that a monopoly is free to set any price it chooses and will usually set the price that yields the largest possible profit. There are three problems that often associated with a market controlled totally by a single firm such as inefficiency, inequity and political abuse (AmosWEB Encyclonomic). Inefficiency is the most noted problem in monopoly. A monopoly charges a higher price and produces less output than perfect competition. Also, the price charged by the monopoly is always greater than the marginal cost of production. Income inequality is another problem of monopoly. Monopoly earns economic profit, consumer surplus is transferred from buyers to the monopoly. So buyers end up with less income, and the monopoly ends up with more. Monopoly is able to maintain single-seller status and market control, income continues to be transferred from buyers to the monopoly and to the monopoly resource owners.

Consumer Buying Behavior of Cosmetics

Introduction: Consumer buying behavior is the study of how individuals make decision to spend the available resources – time, money and effort on consumption related items i. e. , what they buy, why they buy, when they buy, where they buy, how often they buy and use a product or services. In the process of consumers’ buying behavior focuses on how commercial and social marketing can anticipate and within the marketing pillar, the knowledge generated in the consumer behavior pillar provides information for firms to develop new marketing strategies. Cosmetic’ relates to the treatment intended to improve person appearance outwardly. Different consumers have got different perception towards buying cosmetic. With the changing times and the consumer demands organization should be more customer oriented. Consumer buying behavior with regard to cosmetic in comparison of Modicare and Oriflame, leading brands of cosmetic for both genders of all ages.Modicare an India brand deals not only with cosmetics but also with home care, nutrition health and wellness, personal care, laundry care, food and beverage, agriculture and auto care. Oriflame on the other hand is a Sweden brand dealing mostly with cosmetics. A comparison study on these two brands on their cosmetic as how consumer get attracted to buy them, how consumer s satisfied with the products and what make the consumer to buy the products.Marketers must study the customer taste, preferences, wants, shopping and buying behavior because such study provides the clues for developing the new products, price, product changes, messages and other marketing mix element which help in the growth of organization. Thus studying the consumer behavior is a very complex process, as it involves not only the economic factors but also the emotional factors. Objectives of the study * To study the purpose of purchasing cosmetic * To study consumer decision on choosing brand * To study the benefits of cosmetics To stud y the advantage and disadvantage of cosmetic. Description of the problem The problem is to identify whether cosmetics have really work as being advertised and various cosmetic meant for different problem has brought solution or not. Justification for the proposed study The reason for taking up the study is to know the effects of cosmetics which make the consumer get attracted to it. Database The target population for this research would be adult with age of 17-30 and the data will be collected through both primary as well as secondary source.

Trifles Dead Bird Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trifles Dead Bird - Essay Example Mrs. Peters points to a broken jar that the author refers to as preserves. From this, the sheriff wonders how a woman can worry about her preserves while she is facing murder charges. The sheriff, from this statement implies that there are certain things that only a woman needs to worry about. The preserves symbolize anything that women worry about more than men. At some point, the women also commented on the tidiness of the house. Well, men in the society from this play do not pay attention to such things and are always complaining of a messy house (Glaspell, 202). Mrs. Wright’s husband seemed to displease her. The mistakes her husband made, ‘trifles’ were considered among the reasons for her wanting to kill her husband. On another instance, the author expresses her belief that on marriage, a woman loses her identity, and becomes what her husband is. This is seen in the play when the County attorney says that a sheriff’s wife is married to the law. The sheriff’s wife is Mrs. Peters. Mrs. Wright is described as jovial and one who loves to wear colorful clothing. However, on marriage she becomes the opposite. The untidy state of her house is reflected to her husband. In the play, the ladies also share a belief with the men that they are of little importance. It is also observed from the play that women did not share trivial issues with the men. The men did not see value in whatever opinions they held. The women thought that if they shared their thoughts with the men they would be laughed at. They also considered their opinions as trifles. On the search for evidence, the women discussed minor issues that would collect up to substantial evidence. The men, however, were looking for a major piece of evidence since they considered the minor pieces as trifles. The women even had doubts that the trifles would solve the crime due to the little value put on them by the men. The fact that Mrs.

Religious Coexistence in Israel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religious Coexistence in Israel - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the Jews draw their inheritance from the Hebrews and Israelites. Arabs and Jews have a long history of contact between each other from various periods: Hebrew, Assyrian, Babylonian, Roman, Byzantine, and Persian eras. And even during the rise of the Islam religion during the 7th and 8th centuries, Arabs and Jews continued to co-exist in extensive geographical domains from Morocco to some parts of China (16; De Lange 143). After many centuries have passed, another two religious groups cropped up in Israel, which further proved that religious co-existence is possible in Israel, and even in America. Today, the Christian denomination and the Druze population continue to peacefully co-exist with the Arabs and the Jews. Reiteratively, religious co-existence can progress in Israel. The Jewish Population The population of the Jews is scattered between Israel and the Western World. Majority of the citizens of Israel are Jewish, and a large proportion of this population prac tices Judaism. And despite the gradual and continuous rise of the Arab population, the Jews remain progressive even in the midst of the issue of religious co-existence (Stillman 91). The focus of this paper is bent on the Israeli Jews who are residing in the state of Israel. Israel, a Jewish state, is home to nearly 50% of world’s total Jewish population. ... ignificant Israeli-Jew population that is spread between the Haredi and Hilonim Jewish civilizations employ the adherence to secular way of life, thereby contributing further to the religious diversity of the Jewish population in Israel (Scherman 17; Halper 32). In a recent survey conducted by Pittinsky et al. (2), the Jews manifest positive outlook on having to religiously co-exist with Arabs (Steiner and Berkley 129). While there is no reference to other religious groups such as the Christian denomination and the Druze population, 73% of the Jewish citizens expressed affirmative opinion of religious co-existence, with 57.5% who agree and 15.5% tends to agree (2). The Muslim Population As aforementioned, the Arab (Muslim) population has a long history of contact with the Jews; nevertheless, not too much with the Christians and the Druze, at least, in Israel. Jerusalem is the area of concentration for Muslims in Israel (Abu-Nimer 166; Lerner 12). As a matter of fact, Mount Moriah, wh ich is in Israel, is the location of Jewish temples and Islam temples. This is only one of the many indications of how the religious co-existence between the Jewish and Muslim populations progressed for so many years (Lewis 28; Hillman 27). Majority of the Muslims in Israel are Sunni Arabs. Their domination supported and assured the importance and meaning of Islam as the leading religion in the region (Abu-Nimer 166; Lewis 52). The capture of the Palestine by the British people and the ensuing Balfour Declaration paved the way for the influx of a considerable population of Jews in the Palestine who commenced to incline the balance toward Judaism (Kadushin 203; Steinberg 36). In the recent decades, a more progressive development graced the state as Muslims in Israel were allowed to implement

LAW OF BUSINESS LEASES Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

LAW OF BUSINESS LEASES - Term Paper Example This holistic way covers the nurses’ responsibility and attitude when providing emotional support; when providing support in the form of information and their capacity to provide practical support (Liu, Mok & Wong, 2006). Jean Watson, an expert in the field of nursing, emphasizes that the concept of caring is more of a science than an art or a professional skill (Watson, 2003). Watson defines caring as the science that entails a human science oriented humanitarian process of taking care of others, in a manner which demonstrates the evidence of arts, science and humanities in the delivery of care services (Watson, 2003). The Macmillan dictionary (online) defines care as, being interested in someone and wanting them to be well and happy (Care [Def. 1], 2014). The word caring is a derivative of the word ‘care’, which came from the old English world caru, cearu – meaning anxiety, sorrow, and grief. The word is also believed to have emanated from the Proto-Germanic word ‘karo’, which means severe mental attention or the reality of mental burdens. The word is believed to have evolved from the different origins in a variety of ways, including that in English it implies the lamentation, cry or the grief of a person. From the world of poetry – the concept of caring has been communicated and emphasized by different writers, including the writing of the physician-poet William Carlos; the writer emphasizes the importance of caring and the way it is communicated through poetry. The lines drawn from the poem present a paradox which is very useful to the experience of clinicians, especially those who care for the dying and the terminally ill. From the first statement, â€Å"it is difficult – to get the news from poems† is self-explanatory; the statement appears to emphasize the fact that poetry offers people little or no hard data (Coulehan & Clary, 2005). The emphasis is that poetry does not provide useful information about recent

Helping Skills in Mental Health Facilitation Case Study

Helping Skills in Mental Health Facilitation - Case Study Example termine her mental state of health as well as help her find a community mental health facilitator in charge of a social support group of people undergoing the same situation as her. The mental health facilitator assists in people sharing their experiences and helping them cope with the problem and their situations better be they social or psychological (Hinkle, 2014). After achieving a bit of control of her life and managing to reduce her depression, the next step is for her to bring in her son with her to the community group and they undergo the support as a family. They will be helped to know how to communicate better with each other, learn out about their needs and want and how to coexist with each other without having to fight all the time. Susan will be taught to not only be a parent but be a friend to her son as well and how they can trust each other since they only have each other. The mental health facilitator is the one to assist them fulfill the plan. Hinkle, S. (January, 2014). â€Å"Population-Based Mental Health Facilitation (MHF): A Grassroots Strategy That Works.† The Professional Counselor Journal. Retrieved from:

Effective leadership and implementation of EBP Essay

Effective leadership and implementation of EBP - Essay Example concentrated on information dissects to recognize patient safety issues and to show that another practice will prompt enhanced quality and patient safety. (Titler., 2008)Much less research consideration has been paid to how to actualize rehearses. (Titler., 2008) Yet, just by putting into practice what is gained from examination will mind be made safer. Implementing evidence-based safety practices are troublesome and need techniques that address the many-sided quality of frameworks of consideration, individual professionals, senior authority, and—at last changing medicinal services societies to be evidence-based safety practice environments. (Titler., 2008) Steps of knowledge move in the AHRQ model can be described in three real stages: (1) knowledge creation and distillation, (Titler., 2008, p. Ch. 7)(2) diffusion and dissemination, (Titler., 2008, p. Ch. 7) and organizational adoption and implementation. (Titler., 2008, p. Ch. 7) These phases of knowledge exchange are seen through the viewpoint of analysts/makers of new knowledge and start with figuring out what discoveries from the patient security portfolio or individual examination ventures should be spread. (Titler., 2008, p. Ch. 7) Receive at nation, locale, and office levels the nine suggestions of the WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (Advanced Draft), specifically the implementation if multidisciplinary, multimodal hand cleanliness change systems inside medicinal services offices that join: Where liquor based handrubs are not accessible alternately are excessively unreasonable, consider nearby generation of handrubs utilizing the equation portrayed within the WHO Recommended Hand Antisepsis Formulation: Manual for Local Production. (WHO, 2007) Titler., M. G. (2008). Ch. 7 The Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation. In H. R. (Ed.), Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

PARADE FIELD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PARADE FIELD - Essay Example rs of the Lyman Ward Military Academy [LWMA] to name a building for General Futch; they responded by offering Brunner the chance to select the appropriate venue himself. The problem with having a larger-than-life hero is that any building never seems quite grand enough to fit the bill. Frustrated and disappointed, Brunner headed to the parade field to think. He had inadvertently steered himself to the very field on which thousands of military service members had drilled, and no more appropriate tribute was conceivable once the notion had entered his head (Brunner 2). A mere two years after discovering his quest, Brunner and some of his fellow LWMA alumni had personally footed the bill for the construction of a monument to be placed on the field in the General’s honor. The response was overwhelming. The amount needed was soon met, and contributions were soon turned away. Fulch died that year at the age of ninety-six years- only one day short of ninety-seven; he was a survivor as a service member and as a civilian. He was laid to rest with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery, and one of his daughters filled in for him as the guest of honor at the ceremony that officially dubbed the field the Brigadier General T.L. Futch Parade Field. It was made of brick- the very bricks that had graced the walls of his office in Russell Hall before it burned down in 1985. West Point also saw fit to include the dedication of the parade field in its July 1993 newsletter. A copy of this article, which was submitted by one of Futch’s daughters, stands today in West Point’s Tallapoosa Hall (Brunner 3-4). His division (the thirty-fifth) was legendary for its contributions to World War II and the fight against the Nazis. It was a desperate time following the attacks on Pearl Harbor, and men were afraid. It took strong men to lead them. Although not a general at the time, Futch fought valiantly and founded the legacy of military excellence for which he was known

Sociology - Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology - Social Psychology - Essay Example 1) The basic criticism against functionalism is that there is no place for change in the society and it views it as static. This is not true in the real world where changes are occurring rapidly. Similarly, it does not attempt to explain the causes of certain effects in the society and hence it is of little use where causes identification is necessary. The strength of this theory is that it focuses on unity and it is indeed very necessary for proper functioning of the society. It also talks about cohesion which is fundamental of any society.. 4) The strengths of this theory are that it explains that functioning of the society is a two-way process and is based on social interaction. Since it is based on social interaction, the society works in cohesion and unity. The weakness of this theory is that it ignores macro-level issues focusing only on small things. It also believes that institution exerts pressure on individual's interaction. 5) A theory that states that certain characteristics are attributed or labeled as positive or negative to acts, people or traditions, by people in authority in the society. If education is labeled as something positive then people will try to acquire education so that they are not viewed as deviant. This will result in better jobs and living standard for a person and society will be better off. References: Horton, Paul and Hunt, Chester. (1980). Sociology. McGraw-Hill

Acute Pneumonia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Acute Pneumonia - Essay Example As the paper outlines Mr. Jones Stromenger (J.S) age 70 was admitted to the emergency care unit. He was complaining of acute pain when he coughed or when he took deep breaths. He had experience shortness of breath when he walked more than 20 feet. On admission he was recorded to have high fever accompanied shaking chills, sharp pleuritic chest pain, headache and sweaty and clammy skin. When he coughed he produced rusty sputum with mixture of blood. His skin was showing mild tinge of blueness and he was reported to have nausea and vomiting. The temperature was >38.6 degree c with more than 25 breaths per min, systolic BP 100breaths per min. on laboratory finding, arterial pH was less than 7.35, blood urea nitrogen > 30 mg/ dl and sodium < 130mmol/dl and PaO2 < 600mm Hg. On pulse oximetry the patient showed hypoxia and arterial blood gas exchange showed slower oxygenation so breathing tube was introduces and adequate oxygenation was given. The age was the critical factor and the patie nt was considered to be in Risk class 1 that favored the admission of the patient into the critical care. This study highlights that as the first level of emergency care the patient was made to undergo physical examination and chest x-ray. A Blood test and a sputum culture were also ordered. When given a physical examination it was found that the patient had a fever, increased respiratory rate, low blood pressure, fast heart rate and sinus problems. The lungs were auscultation, with stethoscope crackling sounds found, and an increase loudness of whisper speech showed the areas of lungs that were stiff and full of fluids – â€Å"consolidation â€Å".  

Design Studio Overview Essay Example for Free

Design Studio Overview Essay Purpose The design studio component of this course aims to help you develop your collaborative design skills, as well providing setting to practice use the modelling techniques taught in the course. Each design studio will be based around a mini-case describing a realistic business scenario. You will work in groups to analyse the key business processes in each scenario and identify how technology can be used to improve those processes. Each week, group members will take on the roles of business analysts, systems analysts and project manager and work together to produce a system design using a specific modelling approach. The design phase will be followed by a critique phase that will give you experience in analysing other people’s designs, as well as helping you to improve your own designs. Agenda Each design studio will run for two hours, broken into the phases below. You will need to follow the timing to complete a sufficient proportion of the studio to use it for Assignment 1. 1. Group formation: (5 minutes) Groups should have 3-5 members. You should try to swap groups each week.   2. Role assignment: (5 minutes) Your group will need: a.  Business analysts: to identify the key business processes in the minicase b. Systems analysts: to identify which business processes can be improved by technology and how this can be achieved. c. A project manager: to manage the team and keep to the schedule You should try to swap roles each week 3. Requirements gathering (10 minutes): You will be provided with a printed mini-case each week, which you should use to develop your list of requirements. 4. Design (30 minutes): Create a system design using the required modelling technique. 5. BREAK (10 minutes) 6.  Design presentation (10 minutes per group including questions): Each group will be assigned a partner group. Each group needs to present their design to their partner group. 7. Critique preparation (20 minutes): Once you have studied another group’s design, prepare a critique of their design. Remember the rules of a good critique! Identify both strengths and weakness and suggest how the design can be improved. 8. Critique presentation (10 minutes per group including questions): Each group will present their critiques to their partner group.

An overview of New Zealand: History and culture

An overview of New Zealand: History and culture This paper is a report on the various factors that make up New Zealand. You will find discussions of the history, significant locations, government, economy, tourism, and food. History New Zealand became a recognized location in 1840 when the British made it part of their empire (History, n.d.). The Maori people were the first inhabitants of the islands in the tenth century, but they were flooded by the British culture later on. New Zealand was first discovered by European explorers in 1642; however, then encounter ended in bloodshed. The next meeting took place over one hundred years later in 1769 when both the French and British arrived without each other’s’ knowing. They began trade with the Maori people, who valued highly the arrival of weapons and began the Musket Wars among enemy tribes (The History, 2014). The British developed their plans to colonize New Zealand as they heard rumors of France’s similar ideas (The History, 2014). In 1840, many chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the British Crown. This established British law in New Zealand and created a large basis for what the country is known to be today (History, n.d.). However, with the large influx of British settlers, many hostilities grew and began the New Zealand Wars, or the Land Wars, for twenty years. By 1870, Britain withdrew its troops, â€Å"not wishing to invest any further in a costly overseas war which was likely to continue indefinitely† (The History, 2014). Today, â€Å"New Zealand†¦is an independent nation within the British Commonwealth† (The History, 2014). This means that although the country is under the British Monarch, New Zealand has its own active administration for government (The History, 2014). Map (NZ Map, 2014) Government â€Å"New Zealand is a democratic country in which the Members of Parliament (MPs) are chosen in free and fair elections† (NZ’s System, 2014). Parliament is made up of the House of Representatives and the Governor-General. The House of Representatives consists of 120 members, while the Governor-General is a representative of the Queen. The 120 members are elected by vote and are allowed in office for a term of three years. They hold the New Zealand government accountable for its actions and policies and pass laws over the unwritten constitution. New Zealand is defined as a constitutional monarchy, and so they have Queen Elizabeth II as the Head of State. The Queen and Governor-General â€Å"remain politically neutral and do not get involved in the political contest† (NZ’s System, 2014). New Zealand also has lower levels of government bodies, such as territorial local authorities, district health boards, and school boards of trustees (NZ’s System, 20 14). Economy With a population of around four and a half million, their current GDP is around $132 billion at a 2.5% growth (New Zealand). A third of this GDP is made up by the export of goods and services. New Zealand’s economy runs on free market principles through a mixed economy. Its three largest economic sectors are manufacturing, services, and agricultural (Overview, 2014). New Zealand’s currency is called the Kiwi dollar and was â€Å"amongst the top 25 sovereign currencies in the world† at the end of 2012 (Economic Overview, 2014). Today, the Kiwi dollar equals about $1.29 in US Dollars (Rates Table, 2014). Visiting Cities Auckland – While it is the largest city in New Zealand, home to over one and a half million people, it is not the capital. Auckland is located near the top of the North Island and is the main transport hub into the country. Its location touches into beaches and rainforests, but also volcanic areas. The region has 48 volcanic cones, which provide for great views of the city and harbor (Destinations, n.d.). Rororua – This city is south of Auckland, but is still on the North Island. â€Å"Rotorua is known for bubbling mud pools, shooting geysers and natural hot springs, as well as showcasing [their] fascinating Maori culture† (Destinations, n.d.). The bubbling mud pools are caused by the Pacific Rim of Fire: a â€Å"geothermal wonderland.† With the surrounding nature, Rotorua is a home-away-from-home for many adventure activists. It has world-class mountain bike trails, as well as horse riding, lake swimming, bungy jumping, ziplining, and more (Destinations, n.d.). Napier – This city is located within Hawke’s Bay of New Zealand. It is known mostly for its art, architecture, culture, and history of the 1930s. The reason for this is that an incredible 7.9 earthquake hit Hawke’s Bay destroying a vast majority of Napier’s buildings and killed almost 260 people. â€Å"Rebuilding began almost immediately, and much of it was completed in two years† (Destinations, n.d.). Wellington – According to Lonely Planet, Wellington is â€Å"the coolest little capital in the world.† It is located at the southern end of the North Island touching the harbor. It is known for its arts and heritage with many museums, art galleries and theatres. This city continues the adventure with more mountain bike trails and kayaking. New Zealand’s national museum, Te Papa Tongarewa, is located in Wellington too (Destinations, n.d.). Christchurch – This city is fairly large taking over a majority of the middle of the South Island. It lies along the ocean and touches the Alps. To the 340,000 residents of the city, it is known as ‘The Garden City.’ While this location continues the historic beauty and forest-filled adventure, much was destroyed in 2011 from an earthquake. A large portion of the neo-gothic architecture in the central city was ruined along with many other buildings. Despite the destruction, Christchurch still hosts much beauty and fun. A special attraction is the Orana Wildlife Park, which is an open range zoo (Destinations, n.d.)! Queenstown – This is the southern-most city to be visited on the trip in the South Island. According to New Zealand Tourism, Queenstown has become â€Å"world famous for its iconic scenery, friendly people, golf courses, wineries†¦bungy jumping, sky diving, canyon swinging, jet boating, horse trekking, and river rafting all year round† (Destinaitons, n.d.). Currently, most notably, area around Queenstown is recognized as the makings of Lord of the Rings, with locations that helped to create Middle-earth. Queenstown is clearly the most visited location in the country with a population of 19,200, but over two million visitors every year (Destinations, n.d.). NZ Tourism In 2011, New Zealand hosted over two and a half million visitors, and has expected that number to grow by over 650,000 each year (Tourism Factsheet, 2012). With tourists from around the world, there are some key differences to New Zealand (Key NZ, n.d.). The currency is a dollar, but the make-up is different from that of the US. New Zealand has coins valuing 10, 20, and 50 cents as well as $1 and $2 – then bills of $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Banking is generally the same and allows for exchanging currencies (Key NZ, n.d.). For driving, the lanes are swapped with drivers on the left side of the road. New Zealand also uses the metric system, where travel is measured in kilometers instead of miles. Other driving laws are the same: must wear a seat belt, no mobile phone usage, and no drinking and driving. Visitors from other countries can drive in New Zealand for up to 12 months with their home country license (Key NZ, n.d.). New Zealand entertainment is made up of three parts: food, spirits, and fun. The cuisine style is tied to mostly Eurasian countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Polynesia, and most of Europe. New Zealand is most well-known for meats like lamb, pork, and venison, as well as seafood such as salmon, crayfish, bluff oysters, mussels, and scallops. The wines of New Zealand are remarkable and are desired around the world. While people in the US must be 21 to drink alcohol, they must only be 18 in New Zealand. Also, unlike than many states in the US, New Zealand has six different casinos throughout the country (Key NZ, n.d.). Aside from all of the scenic adventures in the forests, beaches, mud pools, etc., New Zealand played host to the Lord of the Rings films. â€Å"Since 2004, an average of 47,000 international visitors each year have visited a film location† (Sector Marketing, 2013). Another small, but notable difference is the time zone. â€Å"New Zealand is one of the first places in the world to see the new day† – being 12 hours ahead of the GMT (Key NZ, n.d.). In comparison to the US, New Zealand is 18 hours ahead. A shocking factor when traveling to and from New Zealand is losing and gaining a day, which happens because of crossing the International Date Line. While this time difference is very large, a similarity is the use of daylight savings time, which a majority of the rest of the world does not use (Key NZ, n.d.). Food Delicacies In the Maori culture, a hangi feast is recommended (Destinations, n.d.). The hangi is a method of cooking, which has been used by the Maori for over 2000 years. To cook the food, it is placed in a pit oven which has heated rocks buried inside. While it is a well-known way of cooking, it has become very traditional and is only used on special occasions. The style of cooking is typically used for chicken, seafood, and vegetables, but can also be used for steamed pudding (Food Wine, n.d.). New Zealand has some of the most famous seafood in the world. Marlborough green-lipped mussels are not only delicious, but are known to have health benefits such as arthritis relief. Bluff oysters are especially desired in New Zealand and around the world – they even have their own festival in May: the Bluff Oyster and Food Festival. New Zealand also hosts a scallop festival in September called the Whitianga Scallop Festival. The forth seafood delicacy is called Whitebait. They are tiny fish caught during the springtime and are often made into fritters (Food Wine, n.d.). Works Cited Destinations. (n.d.) Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.newzealand.com/us/destinations/ Economic Overview. (28 Oct, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/investing-in-nz/opportunities-outlook/economic-overview Food Wine. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.newzealand.com/us/feature/favourite-new-zealand-foods/ History. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.newzealand.com/int/history/ Key New Zealand Facts and Information. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/keyfacts.html New Zealand. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.heritage.org/index/country/newzealand New Zealand Map. (20 Nov, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.mapsofworld.com/newzealand/ New Zealand’s System of Government. (19 Dec, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.elections.org.nz/voting-system/new-zealands-system-government Overview of the New Zealand Economy. (9 Apr, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.treasury.govt.nz/economy/overview Rates Table. (29 Dec, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.x-rates.com/table/?from=USDamount=1.00 Sector Marketing: Information on key tourism and special interest sectors. (10 Apr, 2013). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.tourismnewzealand.com/sector-marketing/film-tourism/fast-facts/ The History of New Zealand: a brief overview of the pre-historic, colonial and modern periods. (29 Dec, 2014). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://history-nz.org/ Tourism Factsheet. (9 Aug, 2012). Retrieved December 29, 2014 from http://www.immigration.govt.nz/migrant/general/generalinformation/media/tourism+factsheet.htm